Investigation on Partial Replacement of Various Waste Materials as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

Abstract

The reuse of ceramic waste and iron slag waste as a substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete has been investigated. The current option for disposal of ceramic waste is landfill and this waste is of three types, namely ceramic tiles, clay bricks, flower potspots. Ceramic tiles were obtained from construction and demolition sites, which caused environmental pollution utilizationation of crushed tile as a coarse aggregate in concrete would also have a positive effect on the economy. And slag is considered a third-class hazardous waste that requires a large place for dumping. To transform the slag into an environmentally friendly resource and save the environment from pollution, the possibility of using slag as coarse aggregate cannot be overlooked. In the present study, ceramic tile waste and iron slag were used in concrete as a replacement for natural coarse aggregate with 0%, 10%, 50%, and 100% of the substitution, and M25 grade concrete was used. The concrete modulus was cast and tested for compressive strength after a curing period of 15 and 21 days.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The reutilization of waste materials as new construction materials is the main objective for sustainable construction activities in the future. The concerns related to sustainability and limited natural resources along with the use of recycled and secondary aggregates are of utmost importance nowadays. Materials such as construction and demolition wastes (C&D wastes) and organic wastes (e.g., rice husk) have been introduced in the production of concrete for both reasons of environmental sustainability and improvement of concrete properties. However, ceramic waste and iron slag waste are not commonly used in the making of concrete. Ceramic wastes have the possibility to be incorporated into concrete due to their pozzolanic properties. They are also known for their resistance to abrasion and lower-density properties, which can be expected to improve the quality of concrete. The necessity of utilizing recycled aggregates and industrial wastes in civil works is due to the great volume of waste materials generated. Applications for fills and embankments, road base and sub-base layers, and as aggregate for concrete are some possible destinations for recycled aggregates and industrial wastes. Because of the large volume of materials required for construction and pavements being favorable structures recycling g of a wide range of waste materials, the possibility of replacing coarse aggregate with other waste materials has been investigated. Gravel, crushed stone, granite, and limestone are conventionally used as coarse aggregate in concrete production. (N. Sivachandiran A. Magesh; 2018) On the other hand, the production and utilization of concrete are rapidly increasing, which results in increased consumption of natural aggregate and construction waste as the largest concrete component. For example, two billion tonnes of aggregate are produced each year in the United States; production is expected to increase to more than 3.5 billion tonnes per year by the year 2030.  (Priyanka Kusum, Sayed Tabish Quadri 2021, Dr. Varinder Singh 2019). Demolition of old and deteriorated buildings and traffic infrastructure and replacement with new ones is a common occurrence in many parts of the world today. The main reasons for this situation are change of purpose, structural deterioration, management of a city, expansion of traffic directions and increasing traffic loads, natural disasters (earthquakes, fires, and floods), etc. For example, about 850 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste are generated each year. In the USA, the waste produced from building demolition alone is estimated to be 123 million tonnes per year. The most common method of managing this material has been through its disposal in landfills. In this way, huge deposits of construction waste are created, consequently becoming a special problem of human environmental pollution, (Bikash Subedi, Dhurba Kumar 2020) henceforth laws have been put in practice time to restrict this waste in the form of prohibitions or special taxes for creating waste areas in developed countries. The present study aims to investigate the partial replacement of coarse aggregate by waste material in concrete.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiments were performed to analyze the strength of the concrete obtained from the replacement of coarse aggregate by various waste materials at various mixed proportions.

A. Ceramic title waste and its Properties

A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride, or carbide material. Elements, such as carbon or silicon, may be considered ceramics. (MD Daniyal et al 2015) They are brittle, hard, strong in compression, and weak in shear and tension. Other than their normal use as filling material, ceramic wastes are classified as non-recyclable waste and have the potential to be used in the production of concrete and to improve its strength and durability, according to research on recyclable construction and demolition (C&D) wastes (S. Sharmiladevi, Dr. K. Ramadevi 2017). However, there are no guidelines or standards for the usage of these wastes in concrete. In addition, the local construction industry does not have the knowledge and experience to utilize the material.

Some of the highly desirable properties of, ceramic is:

• High Strength.
• High Fracture Toughness.
• High Hardness.
• Excellent Wear Resistance.
• Good Frictional Behavior.
• Anti-Static

B. Iron slag waste and its properties:

Slag is a by-product obtained as a leftover in steel production after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore, and it is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. (Khalid Raza et al 2012) Iron slag is considered third-class hazardous waste, which may require a large place for dumping. (R. Kamala et al 2012) Traditional coarse aggregates are very costly and withdrawn every day resulting in exhausting eserves, which will pose a great threat in near future. As per the survey conducted by Safe, Inc. (2002), a single ferroalloys industry produces 220,000 tonnes of low-carbon slag per year.

C. Cement

Cement is used as a binding material in concrete, where strength and durability are important considerations. The concrete is made with ordinary Portland cement 53 grade conforming to IS:12269-1987. Consistency test, setting time test, and Specific gravity test were performed. 

D. Aggregates

 The size of aggregates used is 20 mm, and the grain size of sand is used.

1. Fine Aggregate: It consists of small, angular, or grounded grains of silica (SiO2) and is formed by the decomposition of sandstone under the influence of weathering agents. A size that is less than 4.75 mm is called fine aggregate. River sand is used as fine aggregate, conforming to the requirements of IS 383. Before using that, it can be properly cleaned by sieving and washing to eliminate the impurities.
2. Coarse Aggregate: coarse aggregate may be in the form of irregularly broken stones or naturally occurring rounded gravel. Coarse aggregate refers to materials that are too large to be retained on a 4.75mm sieve. It acts as the main filler and forms the bulk of some of the adhesive, some of which adheres in the form of film. Aggregates are used to balance the shrinkage and home changes of cotton that conforms to IS: 383. 

E. Water:

Water plays an important role in the mixing, laying, compaction, setting, and handing of concrete. Water influences the strength development and durability of concrete. On tiny drinking water can be used for preparing concrete; guidance on examining the stability of the available water for construction can be obtained from the following specified data in IS 456- 2000: The pH value of water should generally not be less than 6.

F. Ceramic tile aggregate waste (CTA)

Waste ceramic tiles are crushed uniformly to about 20 mm size manually using a hammer and sieved through a 20 mm sieve. Various tests were performed on the ceramic tile waste, such as specific gravity, water absorption, and an impact test.

Composition of materials for ceramic waste:

G. Iron slag waste

Iron slag is a by-product of steel that is produced during the separation of molten steel from impurities in the steel-making furnace (Keerthi Kumar et al. 2017, P. Vignesh Kumar, and R. Ranjith Kumar, 2016). The slag occurs as a molten liquid and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling.

Composition of materials for ceramic waste

Table:1.2 Mix proportion used during replacement of Iron slag waste.

III. METHODOLOGY

The flow table indicates the whole process which consists of a  selection of materials such as cement, fine aggregate coarse aggregate, and waste. Concrete is prepared for M25 grade mix design for plain concrete. Ceramic tile waste was used as partial replacement with coarse aggregate and these were used as floor finishing and wall (S.O. Ajamu, et al 2018) Materials are mixed by considering the proportions as per the mix design. The mold of ddimensions 150 x150 x150 mm in 03 layers with each layer of height approximately 50mm (Priyanka Kusum, Sayed Tabish Quadri 2021). in each layer, compaction is done by using a tamping rod/shake table. the molds were prepared for different proportions as per the design IS:10262-2009. The cubes were cured for 7&28 days of curing period and the  concrete were

A. Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength of aerated replacement concrete was determined on 7 & 28 days for each sample. Three samples for each test and the mean of the results were obtained. Fewer variables had been set for different mixture this variable would be changed accordingly while the others were fixed to forecast their effect on the mixture. It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable properties of the hardened concrete. Compressive strength of the concrete is usually found by testing cube specimen. Cube of size 150mm x 150mm x150mm were casted using M25 grade concrete. Specimen with control concrete and ceramic waste concrete and Iron slag waste (waste were replaced with crushed stone) were casted. After 24 hours the specimen was removed from the mould and subjected to curing for 7 & 28 days. The specimen was tested for compressive strength as per IS 516-1959 using a calibrated compression testing machine.

B. Behavior And Mode of Failures

The cubes were subjected to compressive force to expose their behavior. The failure pattern of various concrete cubes is shown in the figure. As the load increased, the diagonal crack width also increased and extended toward the top of the cube. The concrete was crushed and spalling down. Various mixes including one control mix were used to examine the influence of adding ceramic waste and Iron slag waste. The concrete M25 grade was prepared in the laboratory in various mix proportions, the coarse aggregate was replaced with 0%,10%,50%, &100% (by weight) of ceramic waste and Iron slag waste (Keerthi Kumar et al., 2017; Priyanka Kusum, Sayed Tabish Quadri, 2021) respectively. The concrete was poured into the mold in 3 layers with 25 strokes with a tapping rod. The cast specimen was removed after 24 hours and these are immersed in a water tank. After curing for 7 &28 days the specimens were removed and tested for their compressive load and found to be for concrete which was replaced with ceramic waste and Iron slag waste.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I Would like to express my special thanks to gratitude to our beloved and most respected Head of the Department of Civil Engineering. I would like to convey my heartiest thanks to my Thesis Guide. I would like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff. I am very thankful to my friends and family.

Conclusion

This paper is on the use of recycling waste material into useful construction material to reduce the cost of waste disposal. The use of ceramic tile aggregate and iron slag waste as partial replacements for coarse aggregate in concrete has a positive effect on the environment and lowers the cost since the tile aggregate is easily available. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: The maximum compression strength was obtained when 50% of ceramic tile waste and iron slag waste were replaced with normal aggregate. The compressive strength for 100% replacement was low for both the ceramic waste and iron slag waste due to the properties of the waste. By adding ceramic tile aggregate and iron slag to coarse aggregate, proper utilization of ceramic waste and iron slag waste can be achieved.

References

[1] IS: 456-2000, Indian Standard Plain and reinforced concrete-code of practice. [2] IS 10262-2009 Indian Standards Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning code of practice [3] IS: 383-1970, \"Specifications for the course and fine aggregate from a natural source for concrete (Second revision), Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India. [4] \"Concrete Technology Theory of practice A test book of MS Sherry, 2005. [5] Parmindor Singh. \"Utilization of waste ceramic tiles as aggregate in concrete Journal of multidisciplinary engineering science and technology (IMEST), ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol 2 issue 11, pp 3294-3300. [6] MD Daniyal, Shakeel Ahmed. Application of waste ceramic tile aggregate in concrete International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology. ISO 3297 2007 VOL. 4, Issue 12 Dec 2015 [7] I.B. TOPCU and M CANBIZ, Utilization of crushed tile as aggregate in concrete\" Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, vol 31 no. B5, pp 561-565. [8] Sandra H Henchate, Cridhar Valikale, Vaishali Chospede, \"Influence of were national Anal of tive Reich in Science Engineering and Technology, Vol 2, Issue 11. pp 6329-6335. [9] A. MD Muafa Al Haki, Mt N Nalazian, I Kamaruin, and G. MI) Ruzaidi, \"Potential recycled ceramic waste aggregate for concrete Malaysian Universities Conferences in Engineering and Technologies March 8-10.2008, Malaysia. [10] R. Kamala, B. Krishna Rao, \"Rease of solid waste from building demolition for the replacement of Natural Aggregate International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-2 azure 1 October 2012 [11] A Juan C Medina, M Ignacio Guerra, J. M. Mordn PJ Aguado, M. 1 Sánche de Rojas M. Fria and O. Rodriguez Re-Use of Ceramic Wastes in Construction. In Wunderlich W (ed.) Ceramic Materials. Rijeka, Croatia. Seljo, 2012 pp 197-211 [12] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, the Republic of South Africa Minimum Requirements for the Handling. Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste\" Jed Edition, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. ISBN 0620-22993-4 2005. [13] M. A. Qurishee\" IT Iqhat 2015. The introduction is referred from the rease of ceramic waste aggregate in concrete use of shag at coarse aggregate and in eff?ics en mechanical properties of concrete M. A. Qurishee\" IT Iqhat [14] M. S. Ilam & M. M. Islam Department of Civil Engineering, Chingong Unity of Engineering and Technology Chittagong, Bangladesh Corresponding Author muradalqurishee@gmail.com. [15] Partial Replacement of Ceramic Tile Waste in Concrete: A Review Jaivik P. Babria, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda, Prof. Kishor B. Vaghela, Prof. (Dr.) Indrajit N. ISSN:2319-6890 (online),2347-5013(print) Volume No.8, Issue Special 5, pp: 189-193 18-19 Feb. 2019. [16] Dr.Varinder Singh Partial Replacement Of Aggregate With Ceramic Tile In Concrete ISSN NO:2236-6124. [17] P. Vignesh Kumar, R. Ranjith Kumar An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Iron Slag with Polypropylene Fiber. Volume 5 Issue 3, March 2016. [18] Priyanka Kusum, Sayed Tabish Quadrim Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregate By Waste Ceramic Tiles. e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 11 | Nov 2021 ISSN: 2395-0072. [19] Keerthi Kumar B, Vignesh R, Srinithin S, Selvakumar G, Ramesh Kumar A Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Iron Slag in Cement Concrete (M25) IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.10 No.8, pp 716-724, 2017. [20] Khalid Raza , Apoorv Singh , R. D. Patel Strength Analysis of Concrete by Using Iron Slag as a Partial Replacement of Normal Aggregate (Coarse) in Concrete. ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358. [21] Keerthi Kumar B, Vignesh R, Srinithin S, Selvakumar G, Ramesh Kumar 2017 A Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Iron Slag in Cement Concrete (M25) Vol.10 No.8, pp 716-724. [22] N. Sivachandiran1 , A. Magesh 2018 An Experimental Analysis Of Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregate By Waste Ceramic Tile In Concrete. Volume 119 No. 10 2018, 167-177. [23] P. Vignesh Kumar , R. Ranjith Kumar 2016 An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Iron Slag with Polypropylyne Fiber Volume 5 Issue 3. [24] Priyanka Kusum, Sayed Tabish Quadri 2021 Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregate By Waste Ceramic Tiles. Volume: 08 Issue: 11 . [25] S.Sharmiladevi, Dr.K.Ramadevi 2017 Experimental Investigation On Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Blast Furnace Slag And Ceramics Tiles As Coarse Aggregate. ISSN : 2348 – 8352 pg no 318. [26] S.O. Ajamu , J. R. Oluremi and E. S. Ogunyemi 2018 Impact of Replacement of Coarse Aggregates with Ceramic Tile Waste on the Strength Characteristics of Concrete. Vol.15, No.3, 2. [27] Bikash Subedi , Dhurba Kumar Wagle, Keshav Basnet 2020 Utilization of Crushed Ceramic Tile Wastes as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Production. ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERTV9IS070674 www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 07.

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 R. Sujitha , Dr. P. SivarajaN . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.